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Macromolecular NMR

Christina Redfield, Professor of Physical Chemistry at the University of Oxford and a world leader in the biological applications of NMis giving an advanced, postgraduate course on Macormolecular NMR.  The course is of special interest to Colleg students enrolled in MSc Courses in Chemistry, Biology, Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences.

The poster of the Course is available here. The main topics of the Course are the following:

[1] Basic concepts in NMR Spectroscopy
[2] Assignment of Protein NMR Spectra
[3] Assignment using 1H NMR methods
[4] Assignment using 15N and 13C Labeling
[5] Extracting Structural Information from NMR Parameters
[6] Structure Determination from NMR
[7] Protein Dynamics
[8] NMR of Nucleic Acids
[9] Protein-ligand interactions

Image: Typical two-dimensional NMR spectra.

 

 

Mathematical Topics in Fluid Mechanics and Applications

Ugo Gianazza, Professor of Mathematics at the University of Pavia and former director of the Department of Mathematics is giving an advanced, postgraduate course on the Mathematics of Fluid Mechanics and its Applications in College starting on March 20th and continuing twice a week (Monday and Thursday) at 6.00 pm in Seminar Room 1 until the end of May. College students enrolled in MSc or PhD Courses in Mathematics, Physics, Engineering and Chemistry are welcome to join this lecture series.  The main topics covered by the course are listed below:

[1] Physics of the Navier-Stokes Equations
[2] Preliminary Analytical Tools
[3] Time-Dependent Navier-Stokes Equations in Bounded Domains
[4] Proof of the Leray-Hopf Existence Theorem
[5] Higher Integrability and Consequences
[6] Recovering the Pressure
[7] A Short Introduction to Partial Regularity
[8] Applications and Open Problems

The poster of the course is available here. The lecture notes of the course are available here.

Image: Courtesy of the University of Minnesota (https://cse.umn.edu/math/mathematical-fluid-mechanics)

 

 

A Scientific Approach to Science Education

3 May 2023.  Carl E Wieman, Stanford University
A scientific Approach to Science Education


On Wednesday the 3rd of May 2023 at 6.00 pm, Carl E Wieman of Stanford University will give an online seminar entitled A scientific Approach to Science Education in the College Lecture Theaatre.  Carl E Wieeman, a Nobel laureate in Phyiscs for the discovery of the Einstein-Bose condensates, has been a strong advocate for the development of new and more effective ways to teach science subjects and has contributed new and radical ideas to this important topic. The poster of the seminar is available here

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Abstract
Guided by experimental tests of theory and practice, science and engineering have advanced rapidly in the past 500 years.  Guided primarily by tradition and dogma, education in these subjects has remained largely medieval.  Recent research on how people learn, combined with careful experiments in university classrooms, is now revealing much more effective ways to teach and evaluate learning than is currently used in most classes.  I will discuss these results and what they tell us about principles of learning and their effective implementation in science courses.  This research is setting the stage for a new approach to teaching that can provide the relevant and effective science education for all students that is needed for the 21st century.  It also shows better ways to evaluate teaching quality.


Biographical Sketch
Carl Wieman is a Professor of Physics and Education at Stanford University. Wieman has done extensive experimental research in both atomic physics (Nobel Prize in physics 2001) and university science and engineering education (Carnegie Foundation Professor of the Year 2004). He founded PhET, which provides online interactive simulations that are used 100 million times/year to learn science and recently published a book “Improving how universities teach science”. He is currently studying expertise and problem solving in science and engineering disciplines, and how this can be better measured and taught. Most recently, he is the recipient of the 2020 Yidan International Prize for Education Research.


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Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman in their laboratory at Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysic in Boulder, Colorado at the time in which they conducted their research on the Einstein-Bose condensates.

Augmenting precision oncology using in silico tools and patient-derived 3D models

26 April 2023.  Salvatore Piscuoglio, University of Basel
Augmenting precision oncology using in silico tools and patient-derived 3D models

On Wednesday the 26th of April 2023 at 4.30 pm, Salvatore Piscuoglio, of the University of Basel will give a seminar entitled Augmenting precision oncology using in silico tools and patient-derived 3D models in the Seminar Room of the Unit of Immunology and General Pathology of the Department of Medicine (in the Golgi/Spallanzani Institute in via A Ferrata 9).  The seminar will describe how progress in understanding the genetic and epigenetic make-up of individual tumours may result in therapies tailored to individual patients. These 'targeted therapies' have already proved to be more effective and less toxic than traditional chemotherapy or radiation therapy employed for decades in the treatment of several types of cancer. The poster of the seminar is available here

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Abstract
Human cancers are underpinned by molecular aberrations and show remarkable molecular and clinical heterogeneity. The identification of genetic aberrations that contribute to carcinogenesis and can be exploited either as diagnostic markers and/ or therapeutic targets is vital to the optimization of the clinical management of patients. Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) have been shown to retain the molecular features of the original tumors and to better resemble tumor heterogeneity than traditional two-dimensional cell culture methods derived from single cell clones. They are thus frequently used as ex vivo preclinical models for drug response prediction. This seminar focuses on defining clinically relevant predictive biomarkers of response to therapy and discovering novel drug targets using a multi-modality approach, incorporating computational predictions, multi-omics with ex vivo drug profiling.

References
[1]  Bianco G, Coto-Llerena M, Gallon J, Kancherla V, Taha-Mehlitz S, Marinucci M, Konantz M, Srivatsa S, Montazeri H, Panebianco F, Tirunagaru VG, De Menna M, Paradiso V, Ercan C, Dahmani A, Montaudon E, Beerenwinkel N, Kruithof-de Julio M, Terracciano LM, Lengerke C, Jeselsohn RM, Doebele RC, Bidard FC, Marangoni E, Ng CKY, Piscuoglio S. GATA3 and MDM2 are synthetic lethal in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers. Commun Biol. 2022 Apr 19;5(1):373. doi: 10.1038/s42003-022-03296-x. Erratum in: Commun Biol. 2022 Jul 4;5(1):658. PMID: 35440675; PMCID: PMC9018745.

[2] Taha-Mehlitz S, Bianco G, Coto-Llerena M, Kancherla V, Bantug GR, Gallon J, Ercan C, Panebianco F, Eppenberger-Castori S, von Strauss M, Staubli S, Bolli M, Peterli R, Matter MS, Terracciano LM, von Flüe M, Ng CKY, Soysal SD, Kollmar O, Piscuoglio S. Adenylosuccinate lyase is oncogenic in colorectal cancer by causing mitochondrial dysfunction and independent activation of NRF2 and mTOR-MYC-axis. Theranostics. 2021 Feb 15;11(9):4011-4029. doi: 10.7150/thno.50051. PMID: 33754045; PMCID: PMC7977451.

[3] Montazeri H, Coto-Llerena M, Bianco G, Zangene E, Taha-Mehlitz S, Paradiso V, Srivatsa S, de Weck A, Roma G, Lanzafame M, Bolli M, Beerenwinkel N, von Flüe M, Terracciano LM, Piscuoglio S, Ng CKY. Systematic identification of novel cancer genes through analysis of deep shRNA perturbation screens. Nucleic Acids Res. 2021 Sep 7;49(15):8488-8504. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkab627. PMID: 34313788; PMCID: PMC8421231.  

[4] Srivatsa S, Montazeri H, Bianco G, Coto-Llerena M, Marinucci M, Ng CKY, Piscuoglio S, Beerenwinkel N. Discovery of synthetic lethal interactions from large-scale pan-cancer perturbation screens. Nat Commun. 2022 Dec 14;13(1):7748. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-35378-z. PMID: 36517508; PMCID: PMC9751287.


Biographical Sketch
Salvatore Piscuoglio obtained his degree in Biotechnology at the University of Naples “Federico II” and his PhD in Genetics at the University of Basel.  After completing his studies, Dr. Piscuoglio joined the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center as a postdoctoral researcher, where he worked on the characterization of human cancers using omics technologies for the discovery new biomarkers and therapeutic targets and the elucidation of genotype-to-phenotype associations. After the completion of his postdoctoral training, Dr. Piscuoglio became a group leader at the Department of Biomedicine (University of Basel). Currently, Dr. Piscuoglio's research focuses on defining clinically relevant predictive biomarkers of response to therapy and discovering novel drug targets using a multi-modality approach, incorporating computational predictions, multi-omics with ex-vivo drug profiling. To enable drug profiling on ex-vivo models representative of the molecular diversity of cancers, his lab has processed >500 tumors and generated >100 patient-derived organoids from diverse tumor entities. To better mimic the pathophysiological microenvironment of cancer, his lab is also generating 3D models that maintain tumor tissue architecture. These models are being used for multi-omics profiling, large-scale drug screening and toxicity studies, and the discovery of targetable cellular interactions.


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Analysis of a histological section of a human tumours for multiple components (markers) provides useful information about the properties of tumour cells.

Arts and Humanities for the Sciences

20 April 2023.  Claudia Carter, Birmingham City University.
From STEM to STEAM

On Thursday the 20th of April 2023 at 6.00 pm, Claudia Carter, of Birmingham City University will give a seminar entitled From STEM to STEAM (Science, Technology, Arts, Engineering, Mathematics) The seminar will address the time-honoured but never settled debate on the role of the Arts and Humanities in Science Education, The terms of this debate have changed at different points in the history of western culture without an adetuate solution, at least in modern times. Claudia Carter has contributed actively to this debate and will review current ideas, proposals and programmes that may address the gap between the 'two cultures'.. The poster of the seminar is available here

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Abstract
This seminar presents research on defining STEAM principles and exploring approaches and methods for embedding STEAM in Higher Education.  As part of this the differences between multi-, inter- and trans-disciplinarity will be explained and research findings from the European Erasmus+ funded STEAM INC project shared.  The talk will help stimulate reflections on our professional identities and the potentially transformative ways of inter- and transdisciplinary thinking and working.  While STEAM is seen as an amazing opportunity for collaborative research and practice, the talk will also outline the range of different motivations and values of those promoting STEAM endeavours.


Biographical Sketch
Claudia Carter is Professor in Environmental Governance and Planning at Birmingham City University and Course Leader of the Masters in Planning Built Environment programme.  Her involvement in STEAM research and the STEAM INC project came through Design Thinking and her inter- and transdisciplinary research experience.  Over the past 25 years, her research has largely been on environmental values, planning and management.  Her current interest centres around social-ecological challenges and transformation, highlighting the negative societal and environmental impacts of consumerism and profit-oriented policies and painfully slow awareness of, and responses to, rapid climate and environmental change.  Claudia enjoys working in inter- and transdisciplinary teams testing new approaches and methods, including exploring the creative process of board games as a way to facilitate engagement, learning and collaboration.  Previously, she held research, project management and editorial positions at Forest Research (UK Forestry Commission), the Macaulay Land Use Institute in Scotland, Cambridge University and the UK Centre for Environmental and Economic Development.


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The city of Arts and Sciences in Valencia (Spain). A tangible sight of the efforts of architecture and society to unite the values of the Arts and Science cultures.

The Age of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

18 April 2023.  Maja Bacovic, University of Montenegro.
The Age of STEM

On Tuesday the 18th of April 2023 at 6.00 pm, Maya Bacovic, of the University of Montenegro will give a seminar entitled The Age of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) The seminar will address the key issues of the current debate on the broad impact of STEM disciplines and whether post-industrial societies such as those of wetern Europe, North America, Japan, etc currently produce a sufficient number of graduates in STEM disciplines to sustain the demands and challenges of a gloablised enconomy. M Bacovic ha conducted thorough research on the status of STEM studies across Europe and will anayse and discuss these data in a global context. The poster of the seminar is available here

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Abstract

STEM skills ensure a more innovative and prosperous economy. Empirical evidence from the US economy shows that the STEM workers drive productivity gains, as aggregate productivity in R&D and STEM industry increased far faster than the rest of the economy. Also, that STEM workers earn an average of $14,000 more per year than non-STEM workers at nearly every education level. STEM skills spur innovation through R&D. The rationale for investment in STEM education relates mainly to its association with improved economic outcomes. Ray (2015) shows that the share of STEM graduates has a statistically significant positive effect on the level and growth of real GDP per capita while an increase in the share of STEM graduates increases the number of approved utility patents per one million people. OECD (2020) reports that the earnings advantage for tertiary-educated adults varies by their field of study. The two broad fields of study most commonly associated with the highest earnings are engineering, manufacturing and construction, and information and communication technologies (ICT). While tertiary-educated adults earned 56% more for part-time and full-time work in 2017 than adults with upper secondary education, regardless of their field of study, on average in the 12 OECD countries with available data, the earnings advantage for the best-paid fields is about 80%. Amil, Giannoplidis, and Lipp-Lingua (2007) also found that from 1990 to 2006 there was a much stronger employment growth for knowledge-intensive services within EU-27 than for less-knowledge-intensive services; moreover, knowledge-intensive services had a much higher rate of turnover growth, respectively. Growth in STEM programs graduates is positively associated with investment in research and development.  The share of STEM programs graduates in the total tertiary graduates slightly declined in Europe for the past two decades, although the expenditures for education and the share of tertiary education graduates in the total population increased, respectively. Still, nine European countries are among the top twenty in the world in terms of share of STEM graduates in total tertiary graduates (Germany, Greece, Russia, Estonia, Portugal, Sweden, Finland, Croatia, and Serbia). The quality of education, measured with the sample mean PISA scores, was almost equal to its 2000 value, lacking improvements. PISA scores in SCIENCES, declined in Europe (average for 27 European countries – common sample) from 480.5 (2000) to 476.9 (2018), also in Hong Kong (from 540 to 516), but increased in the USA (from 499 to 502). As the quantity of education outcomes increased while the quality didn’t, it seems that growing expenditures in education influenced only the first. From the long-term growth perspective, this is an issue that should attract substantial attention. The share of STEM graduates is positively associated with GDP, GDP per person, employment, labour productivity, and expenditures for R&D. As a growing share of STEM programs graduates has a positive impact on economic growth, its expansion is indispensable to foster economic progress.


Biographical Sketch

Maja Baćović is a full professor at the Faculty of Economics, University of Montenegro - field: Economic theory and analysis (macroeconomics). She was vice-rector of the University of Montenegro (2015–2017) and a member of the Senate of the University of Montenegro (2013–2017). She is the author of four books, co-author of three monographs published in the English language, and more than sixty scientific papers published in international journals that are indexed in WOS and other databases, national journals, and other publications. (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8865-3924). She is the winner of the award of the University of Montenegro for contribution to the quality of scientific research and professional work at the Faculty of Economics for 2021. She was a member of the Centre for Young Scientists at the Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts in the period 2010–2016 and a member of the MASA economic research committee since 2010. In addition to scientific and research work, she was the president of the Council of the Statistical System of Montenegro (2006–2011), president of the Board of Directors of the Montenegro Stock Exchange (2006–2008), member of the Board of Directors of "Shipyard Bijela" (2014–2015); member of the Board of Directors of the Clinical Centre of Montenegro (2017-2021) and the Competitiveness Council of the Government of Montenegro (2017-2021). She was a researcher and analyst at the Institute for Strategic Studies and Prognoses in the period 1999-2007. A detailed biography is available at https://www.ucg.ac.me/objava/blog/16989/objava/1#lat.

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A striking example of human engineering: Ruyi Bridge, a pedestrian, elevated footbridge in Taizhou crossing the Shenxianju Valley. 

Global Challenges and Directions in Higher Education

13 April 2023.  Giorgio Marinoni, International Association of Universities.
Global Challenges and Directions in Higher Education

On Thursday the 13th of April 2023 at 6.00 pm, Giorgio Marinoni, from the International Association of Universities will give a seminar entitled Global Challenges and Directions in Higher Education The seminar will provide a thorough overview of the developments and changes that have occurred in Higher Education since the Second Wordl War and will anayse current trends and directions in Higher Education throughout the world. The poster of the seminar is available here

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Abstract
For more than 50 years higher education is expanding all around the world. More and more people can benefit from higher education. However, many challenges persist, access and success in higher education is unequally distributed among countries and individuals, and the higher education sector must continuously adapt and transform to respond to societal needs. This lecture briefly presents the major trends in higher education and research around the world, discusses the current challenges and possible future developments.

Biographical Sketch
Giorgio Marinoni has been Manager of Higher Education and Internationalization at the International Association of Universities (IAU), since February 2015. He oversees Internationalization as one of the four strategic priorities of the Association. Among his responsibilities at IAU are research projects, advisory services and external representation of the Association for what concerns internationalization Before his current position at IAU, Giorgio Marinoni worked for UNICA, the Network of Universities from the Capitals of Europe, in the field of internationalization and higher education policy and reform at the European level and beyond. He has been an active member of the Erasmus Student Network (ESN) at local, national and international level, and served the ESN as its President in 2007 – 2008.

Image: A building of the University of Bologna, regarded by many as the oldest University in the Western world.

The Global Status of Education

4 April 2023.  Silvia Montoya, UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Montreal.
The Global Status of Education

On Tuesday the 4th of April 2023 at 6.00 pm, Silvia Montoya, Director of the UNESCO Institute for Statistics will give a seminar entitled The Global Status of Education The seminar will provide an overall picture of world education and progress toward the targets sets by the United Nations for year 2030. The poster of the seminar is available here

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Abstract
In 2015 the global community adopted a set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to be attained by 2030. The same year UNESCO Member States gave the UIS the mandate to lead on monitoring progress to the Sustainable Development Goal on Education - SDG 4. In 7 years that have passed since then, the global progress have been not as rapid as expected, and there are many reasons for it - most obviously, the global COVID-19 pandemic that impacted education all over the word.  But even outside of a global shock such as the pandemic, it is clear that countries need to accelerate progress in the run-up to 2030. During her presentation, the Director of the UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Dr. Silvia Montoya will touch upon the key issues at heart of SDG 4 such as access, learning, equity, and the factors that impact progress of the countries towards the set targets.

Biographical Sketch
Silvia Montoya is the Director of the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), which is the official UN repository for statistics in the fields of education, science and technology, culture, and communication. Dr. Montoya has extensive experience in a wide range of national and international initiatives to improve the quality, management, and use of education statistics, with a specific focus on learning assessment. With the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), she represents UNESCO as the co-leader of SDG4, working closely with the international education community to measure progress toward education targets. Among the accomplishments made possible under her leadership is a global consensus on the core indicators and methodologies to monitor SDG4 with a particular emphasis on measuring learning; regional and national commitments to SDG4 through benchmarking; improved access to relevant and high-quality data for decision-making through the Global Education Observatory (GEO), to name a few.  Since September 2022, Dr. Montoya has been serving as the Co-Chair of the Committee of Chief Statisticians of the UN systems (CCS-UN) and as a member of the bureau of the Committee for Coordination of UN Statistical Activities (CCSA). Prior to her appointment as the UIS Director in 2015,  Ms. Montoya worked at the Ministry of Education of Argentina, where she occupied the position of the Director-General of Assessment and Evaluation of Education Quality and the first Executive Director of the Unidad de Evaluación Integral  created to lead the Educational Quality Agenda by former Argentinian President Mauricio Macri. Among her many responsibilities, she oversaw the creation of the first comprehensive education quality index produced in Argentina, coordinated Argentina’s participation in several international assessment programmes, as well as introduced a series of institutional changes and capacity-building initiatives of National and Provincial statistical unit to strengthen independence and objectivity in the production of education statistics and the measurement of learning outcomes. She holds a Master’s and PhD in Policy Analysis from the Pardee RAND Graduate School, and a Master’s degree in Public Administration from Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. Dr. Montoya has taught at the Catholic University of Argentina, and authored many publications on education, vocational training, and labour market issues. She has extensive experience as a researcher and consultant for major national and global organizations.

Image: School girls in Pakistan. Courtesy of Global Giving

Engineering a bacterium for therapy (A Buzzati Traverso lecture 2022/23)

11 April 2023. 
Luis Serrano Pubul, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona.

At 5.00 pm on the 11th of April 2023 Luis Serrano Pubul will give the 2022/23 Adriano Buzzati Traverso lecture entitled Engineering a bacerium for therapy in the College lecture theatre. The poster of the lecture is available at this link.

Abstract
Engineering bacteria for treating human diseases presents new opportunities in therapeutics. Although lung diseases are among the top causes for mortality worldwide, there is no treatment for them based on a live biotherapeutic.  We have engineered a genome-reduced human lung bacterium, Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MPN), as a novel treatment for lung diseases encompassing infections, fibrosis and cancer. We found that expression of biologicals by engineered MPN has a limited physiological impact in mice due to its low expression capacity. To solve these issues, we use our protein design software FoldX and ModelX to increase the effective expression in MPN, and the activity in mouse lungs. This rational design strategy of combining synthetic biology with protein design is quite powerful to foster bacterial therapy.

Biography

Luis Serrano did his PhD at the CBM (Madrid, Spain) on Cell Biology. Then he spent 4 years in the laboratory of Prof. A.R. Fehrst (MRC, UK) working in protein folding. In 1993, he became Group Leader at the EMBL (Heidelberg, Germany) working in Protein Folding and design. Ten years later, he was appointed head of the Structural & Computational Biology programme at the EMBL and he started to work on Systems Biology. By the end of 2006 he moved back to Spain to lead a programme working on Systems Biology, where he was appointed vice-director before finally becoming the CRG director on July 2011. He is a member of the Spanish Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SEBBM), member of the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO), and member of the Royal Spanish Academy of Sciences (Spain). In 2003 he received the Marie Curie Excellence Award, in 2009 he was awarded the City of Barcelona prize (science category), an annual award organized by Barcelona City Council and in 2018 the Francisco Cobos award (http://fundacionfranciscocobos.org/).  In recent years he has won sixe prestigious grants from the European Research Council, three ERC Advanced Grants and three ERC Proof of Concept grants. He is Professor of ICREA. He has published more than 350 papers in international journals. He was involved in the creation of one of the first Spanish Biotech Companies (Diverdrugs) in 1999. He is also co-founder of Cellzome, EnVivo, TRISKEL, Pulmobiotics and Orikine biotech companies. He has been Director and Founder of the association of European Institutes of Excellence EU-LIFE (https://eu-life.eu/) and he was until 2020 the chair of the association of Spanish institutes of excellence, Severo Ochoa and Maria de Maeztu (SOMMa; https://www.somma.es/)

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An electron micrograph of M pneumoniae. Courtesy of María Lluch (Centre for Genoic Regulation, Barcelona)

The Evolution of Innate Immunity (M Fraccaro lecture 2022/23)

05 April 2023. 
Jules Hoffmann, University of Strasbourg.

At 5.00 pm on the 5th of April 2023 Jules Hoffmann will give the 2022/23 Marco Fraccaro lecture entitled The Evolution of Innate Immunity in Aula U Foscolo (trada Nuova 65). The poster os the lecture is available at this link.

Jules Hoffmann and his colleagues discovered in 1996 the role of theToll receptor in immunity. Toll had been discovered a several years earlier by Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard as a gene involved in determing the antero-posterior polarity of the early embryo of D melanogaster. The discovery of the role in immunity of the Toll pathway by Juls Hoffmann and the subsequent work by Charles Janeway at Yale have revolutioned the field of immunity and for his Jules Hoffmann was awarded a share of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Biography

Jules Hoffmann was born in Luxembourg in1941. He studied Biology at the University in Strasbourg, the University from which he also earned his doctoral degree in 1969. After a period of study and research in Marburg, Germany, J Hoffmann returned to Strasbourg where he worked throughout his whole scientific career serving as a director of a research laboratory of the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS). He has also served for a number of years as a professor at the University in Strasbourg.

Marco Fraccaro
Marco Fraccaro (26 September 1926 - 2 April 2008) was a distinguished geneticist and Professor of Human Genetics at the University of Pavia for over thirty years. Born in Pavia, he attended the local Liceo Classico Ugo Foscolo with and the Medical School of the University of Pavia where he graduated in 1950. After a few years at the local Institute of Pathological Anatomy he moved to Lionel Penrose in the Galton Laboratory at UCL in 1954 with a fellowship from the British Council and, a year later, to Jan Book’s laboratory in Uppsala where he stayed until 1958 during which time he met his future wife Inga. In 1960, he moved to the newly formed MRC Population Genetics Research Unit in Oxford under Alan Stevenson where he continued his work on cytogenetics that he had initiated in Uppsala. He returned to Pavia in 1962 where he started a highly successful and productive laboratory with funding from NATO and EURATOM and where he took up the Chair of Human Genetics, which he held until 2001.

Throughout his research Marco Fraccaro focussed primarily on sex chromosome abnormalities, especially the genetic abnormalities responsible for abnormal physical and sexual development, but he contributed to several other areas of Genetics such as the distribution in the population of specific types of congenital malformations and the effect of radiation on chromosomes of cells. Marco Fraccaro was deeply attached to Pavia and Oxford and there was hardly a conversation in which he failed to mention the life and history of these two cities. His love for Oxford was also expressed in a small book of quotations (Oxford for strangers of all sorts) which he published in 1997. From 1971 until 2002 he was Master of Collegio Cairoli, one of the University Colleges at Pavia. He run the College informally and effectively and made Cairoli a place of learning and debate for students and staff. He also made it into a meeting point for modern visual arts by organising a successful series of exhibitions of modern artists that will enrich the College for years to come. Marco Fraccaro has been one of the defining personalities of the University of Pavia in the second half of the 20th century and the lecture aims to recognise his interests in Science and the Arts and his intellectual legacy.


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A mutant fruit fly killed by fungus due to the absence of a functional Toll gene and anti-fungal immunity.


 




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